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Peace of Riga
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This article is about Polish–Soviet peace treaty of 1921. For Latvian–
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I WAS BRAINWASHED TO BRING INFO, AS IT SEEMS TO USA ABOUT THE CURZON
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DETALE NIE SA CZYTELNE; NIE WIEM PRZEZ KOGO?>
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ODPAMIETALAM SLOWO PO SLOWIE; CHOC WIECJE PROPAGANDY NIZ KONKRETOW,
ALE BYLAM POD SATELITAMI I NATYCHMIAST UKRADZIONO MI NOTATKI I ZACZETO
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Territorial changes of Poland
Central and Eastern Europe after the Treaty of Riga

The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga; Polish: Traktat
Ryski was signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, between Poland, Soviet
Russia and Soviet Ukraine. The treaty ended the Polish-Soviet War.

The Soviet-Polish borders established by the treaty remained in force
until the Second World War. They were later redrawn during the Yalta
Conference and Potsdam Conference.
Contents
[hide]

    * 1 Background
    * 2 Preparations for the Treaty
    * 3 Terms
    * 4 Treaty aftermath
    * 5 Consequences
    * 6 Notes and references
          o 6.1 Footnotes
          o 6.2 Notations
    * 7 See also
    * 8 External links
          o 8.1 Polish

[edit] Background
For more details on this topic, see Polish-Soviet War.

World War I destabilized national borders in Europe. Poland
established its independence in 1918, but its borders were not
formally determined. The Russian Civil War presented an opportunity
for Poland to regain the territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth lost to the Russian Empire during the late 18th century
Partitions of Poland. Meanwhile, many in the Soviet leadership desired
to export the revolution to the rest of Europe, by military force if
necessary, and Poland was seen by them as a land bridge to the West.
The Polish-Soviet War ensued, culminating in the 1920 Battle of
Warsaw. Both sides were receptive to ending the conflict. After the
military setbacks that followed their defeat near Warsaw, the Soviets
were eager to begin peace treaty negotiations.[1] Likewise the Poles,
pressured by the League of Nations, were willing to negotiate since
its army controlled most of the disputed territories but was nearing
exhaustion.
[edit] Preparations for the Treaty

Peace talks were started on August 17, 1920, in Minsk, but as the
Polish counter-offensive drew near, the talks were moved to Riga, and
resumed on September 21. The Soviets proposed two solutions, the first
on September 21 and the second on the 28th. The Polish delegation made
a counteroffer on the 2nd of October. Three days later the Soviets
offered amendments to the Polish offer, which Poland accepted. An
armistice was signed on October 12.[2] and went into effect on October
18. The chief negotiators were Jan Dąbski for Poland and Adolph Joffe
for the RSFSR.

Due to their military setbacks, the Bolsheviks offered the Polish
peace delegation substantial territorial concessions in the contested
border areas. However, to many observers it looked like the Polish
side was conducting the Riga talks as if Poland had lost the war. In
fact, a special parliamentary delegation consisting of six members of
the Sejm held a vote on whether to accept the Soviets' far-reaching
concessions, which would leave Minsk on the Polish side of the border.
Pressured by the national democrat Stanisław Grabski, the 100 km of
extra territory was rejected, a victory for the nationalist doctrine
and a stark defeat for Piłsudksi's federalism. The National Democrats
envisioned the Polish state containing a population of no more than a
third of minorities, a prerequisite, in their eyes, for any successful
attempts at Polonization. The National Democrats were also motivated
by internal political concerns. While the National Democrats' base of
support was among Poles in central and western Poland, many of the
hundreds of thousands of Poles left by them to live under Soviet rule
were supporters of Pilsudski. The elections within the territories of
the Treaty of Riga were evenly split. If the Poles and eastern Slavs
in the territories given to the Soviet Union had remained in Poland,
the National Democrats would have never won an election.[3] Public
opinion in Poland also favored an end to the hostilities. Both sides
were also under pressure from the League of Nations to make peace.

Regardless, the negotiations for the peace treaty dragged on for
months due to Soviet reluctance to sign. However, the Soviet
leadership had to deal with increased internal unrest. Between
February 23 and March 17 a sailors’ revolt occurred in Kronstadt,
which was suppressed; peasants were also rising up against the Soviet
authorities, who were collecting grain in order to feed the Red Army
and this was causing food shortages. As a result of this situation,
Lenin ordered the Soviet plenipotentiaries to secure the peace treaty
with Poland.[1] The Peace of Riga was signed on March 18, 1921,
partitioning the disputed territories in Belarus and Ukraine between
Poland and Russia and ending the conflict.
[edit] Terms

The Treaty consisted of 26 articles.[4] Poland was to receive monetary
compensation (30 million rubles in gold) for its economic input into
the Russian Empire during the times of partitions of Poland. Under
Article XIV Poland was also to receive railway materials (locomotives,
rolling stock, etc.) with a value of 29 million gold roubles. [1]
Russia was to surrender works of art and other Polish national
treasures acquired from Polish territories after 1772 (such as the
Załuski Library). Both sides renounced claims to war compensation.

Article 3 stipulated that border issues between Poland and Lithuania
would be settled by those states.[4] Article 6 created citizenship
options for persons on either side of the new border.[4] Article 7
consisted of a mutual guarantee that all nationalities would be
permitted "free intellectual development, the use of their national
language, and the exercise of their religion."[4]
[edit] Treaty aftermath

The Soviet-Polish peace treaty was registered in League of Nations
Treaty Series on August 12, 1921.[5]

The Allied Powers were reluctant to recognize the treaty, which had
been concluded without their participation.[4] Their postwar
conferences supported the Curzon Line as the Polish-Russian border,
and Poland's territorial gains in the treaty lay about 250 kilometers
east of that line.[6][7] French support led to its recognition in
March 1923 by France, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan, followed by the
US in April.[4]
Belarusian caricature decrying the Peace Treaty of Riga as a partition
of their country by Poland and Soviet Russia

In Poland, the Treaty of Riga was met with criticism from the very
beginning. Some characterized the treaty as short-sighted and argued
that much of what Poland had gained during the Polish-Soviet war was
lost during the peace negotiations. By 1921, General Jozef Piłsudski
was no longer the head of state, and had only participated as an
observer during the Riga negotiations, which he called an act of
cowardice.[8] Piłsudski felt the agreement was a shameless and short-
sighted political calculation. Allegedly, having walked out of the
room, he told the Ukrainians waiting there for the results of the Riga
Conference: "Gentlemen, I deeply apologize to you".[9][10][11]
Belarussian and Ukrainian independence movements saw the treaty as a
setback.[12] Four million Ukrainians and over one million Belarussians
lived within areas ceded to Poland; in one estimate, only 15% of the
population was ethnically Polish.[13][14] The Ukrainian People's
Republic led by Symon Petliura had been allied with Poland by Treaty
of Warsaw, but the Teaty of Riga abrogated it.[1] The new treaty
violated Poland's military alliance with the UPR, which had explicitly
prohibited a separate peace. In doing so, it worsened relations
between Poland and those Ukrainians who had supported Petliura. These
supporters felt Ukraine had been betrayed by its Polish ally, a
feeling that would be exploited by Ukrainian nationalists and
contribute to the growing tensions and eventual violence in the 1930s
and 1940s. By the end of 1921, the majority of Poland-allied
Ukrainian, Belarusian and White Russian forces had either crossed the
Polish border and laid down their arms or had been annihilated by
Soviet forces.
[edit] Consequences

The treaty contributed to the failure of Józef Piłsudski's plans to
create a Polish-led federation of Eastern European countries
(Międzymorze), as portions of the territory proposed for the
federation were ceded to the Soviets.
Poland after the Treaty of Riga with the pre-partitions border of the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth marked

Lenin also considered the treaty unsatisfactory. He had to temporarily
give up his plans for exporting the revolution West.[1]
Second page of the treaty, Polish version

While the Treaty of Riga led to a two-decade stabilization of the
Soviet-Polish conflict, the conflict was renewed during World War II
and the treaty's borders were overridden by decision of that war's
Allied powers. In the view of some observers, the treaty's
incorporation of significant minority populations into Poland did not
serve Poland's best interests, since these minorities persistently
pursued independence and borders passing through ethnically-mixed
areas would prove difficult to defend.[4][6] Belarus and Ukraine would
go on to become independent nations in the late 20th century.

The populations separated by the division suffered varying degrees of
repressions under their respective governments. Ethnic Poles left
within Soviet borders were subjected to confiscation of property
(land, forests) and religious persecution (bishop Jan Cieplak, 1923).
Most Poles left in the Soviet Union by the Treaty of Riga would be
deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan in the 1930s.[3] Several hundred
thousand Belarussians were executed or deported by the Soviet
government during the 1930s.[15] The Polish portion of Belarus was
subjected to Polonization - Belarussian political and cultural
organizations were disbanded and it lost representation in the Sejm.
[15]
[edit] Notes and references
[edit] Footnotes

   1. ^ a b c d THE REBIRTH OF POLAND. University of Kansas, lecture
notes by professor Anna M. Cienciala, 2004. Last accessed on 2 June
2006.
   2. ^ Geoff Eley, "Forging Democracy"
   3. ^ a b Timothy Snyder. (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations. New
Haven: Yale University Press, pg. 68.
   4. ^ a b c d e f g Michael Palij (1995). The Ukrainian-Polish
defensive alliance, 1919-1921: an aspect of the Ukrainian revolution.
CIUS Press. pp. 165–168. ISBN 9781895571059.
http://books.google.com/?id=2T9zYXqL56AC&pg=PA169&dq=treaty+of+riga+26+shall+be+ratified&cd=1#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20riga%2026%20shall%20be%20ratified.
   5. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 6, pp. 52-169.
   6. ^ a b Dennis P. Hupchick (1995). Conflict and chaos in Eastern
Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 210. ISBN 9780312121167.
http://books.google.com/?id=ycNApODqgRUC&pg=PA210&dq=treaty+riga+borders&cd=109#v=onepage&q=.
   7. ^ Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne (2004).
Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. Continuum
International Publishing Group. p. 203. ISBN 9780826473011.
http://books.google.com/?id=Z5ndamBABdIC&pg=PA203&dq=treaty+riga+curzon+line&cd=1#v=onepage&q=treaty%20riga%20curzon%20line.
   8. ^ Norman Davies (2003). White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet
War, 1919–20. Pimlico. pp. 399. ISBN 0-7126-0694-7.
http://books.google.com/?id=DMoPXktGwiUC&pg=PA399&lpg=PA399&dq=Riga+an+act+of+cowardice.
(First edition: New York, St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972.)
   9. ^ In fact Piłsudski did apologize the Ukrainian officers on a
completely different occasion. His words, commonly associated with the
Riga conference, were said on May 15, 1921, during Piłsudski's visit
to the internment camp at Szczypiorno. The context however was clearly
the same.[citation needed]
  10. ^ (Polish) Jerzy Surdykowski (2001). "Ja was przepraszam
panowie, czyli Polska a Ukraina i inni wpĂłltowarzysze niedoli". Duch
Rzeczypospolitej. Warsaw: Wydawictwo Naukowe PWN. pp. 335. ISBN
83-01-13403-8.
  11. ^ (Polish) Jan Jacek Bruski (August 2002). "Sojusznik Petlura".
Wprost 1029 (2002-08-18). ISSN 0209-1747. http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=13734&C=57.
Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  12. ^ Jan Zaprudnik (1993). Belarus: at a crossroads in history.
Westview Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780813317946.
http://books.google.com/?id=qtnTh3-2Ki8C&pg=PA75&dq=treaty+of+riga+belarussian+independence&cd=3#v=onepage&q=.
  13. ^ Antony Evelyn Alcock (2000). A history of the protection of
regional cultural minorities in Europe: from the Edict of Nantes to
the present day. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 73. ISBN 9780312235567.
http://books.google.com/?id=Dy_z9bjDqUsC&pg=PA73&dq=treaty+riga+four+million+ukrainians+1921&cd=16#v=onepage&q=treaty%20riga%20four%20million%20ukrainians%201921.
  14. ^ Raymond Leslie Buell (2007). Poland - Key to Europe. READ
BOOKS. p. 79. ISBN 9781406745641.
http://books.google.com/?id=-KcfGbrKptoC&pg=PA79&dq=riga+treaty+recognized&cd=3#v=onepage&q=riga%20treaty%20recognized.
  15. ^ a b Janusz Bugajski (2002). Political parties of Eastern
Europe: a guide to politics in the post-Communist era. M.E. Sharpe. p.
4. ISBN 9781563246760.
http://books.google.com/?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC&pg=PA4&dq=treaty+riga+Polonization&cd=21#v=onepage&q=treaty%20riga%20Polonization.

[edit] Notations

    * Davies, Norman, White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War,
1919-20, Pimlico, 2003, ISBN 0-7126-0694-7. (First edition: New York,
St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972.)
    * Traktat ryski 1921 roku po 75 latach, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu
Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń 1998, ISBN 83-231-0974-5 (Chapter summaries
in English)

[edit] See also

    * Aftermath of the Polish-Soviet War
    * West Belarus
          o Belarusian minority in Poland#1918-1939
    * Right-bank Ukraine
          o History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland

[edit] External links
[edit] Polish

    * Photocopies of the Polish version of the treaty

TRUDNO SIE CZYTA - POTRZEBA POWIEKSZYC ; DOCZYTALAM SIE TAM ZE POLSKA
DOSTALA INFLANTY I  ZIEMIE WSCHODNIE; A TEZ OSOBY WIELONARODOSCIOWE
 ( W WYNIKU ZLOZONEJ HISTORII) DOSTALY PRAWO WYBORU KRAJU.

W ZANYM WYPADKU UKLAD RYSKI NIE PRODUKOWAL BEZPANSTWOWCOW, O KTIRYM TO
WYNIKU DOSNIOST NYT 3 DNI TEMU.

TRAKTAT NAJWYRAZNIEJ NIE JEST WCIAZ RESPEKTOWANY. GORZEJ - Z POWODU
NIE RSPEKTOWANIA GO POWSTALA SERIA NATEPONYCH KONSEKWENCJI.

'EUROPEAN COHESIVENESS', ONCE A VERTUE WOULD HAVE CALLED FOR RESPECT
FOR THE CONTRACT THAT WAS IMPLEMENTED BUT FOR POLAND.