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temu; po co?)


FEDERAL CODE OF JUDICIARY ETHICS AND WHAT THEY WERE CHEARING AHEAD



CANON 2
A JUDGE SHOULD AVOID
IMPROPRIETY AND THE APPEARANCE
OF IMPROPRIETY IN ALL ACTIVITIES



A. A judge should respect and comply with the law and should act at
all times in a manner that promotes public confidence in the integrity
and impartiality of the judiciary.

B. A judge should not allow family, social, or other relationships to
influence judicial conduct or judgment. A judge should not lend the
prestige of the judicial office to advance the private interests of
others; nor convey or permit others to convey the impression that they
are in a special position to influence the judge. A judge should not
testify voluntarily as a character witness.

C. A judge should not hold membership in any organization that
practices invidious discrimination on the basis of race, sex,
religion, or national origin.

COMMENTARY



Canon 2A. Public confidence in the judiciary is eroded by
irresponsible or improper conduct by judges. A judge must avoid all
impropriety and appearance of impropriety. A judge must expect to be
the subject of constant public scrutiny. A judge must therefore accept
restrictions that might be viewed as burdensome by the ordinary
citizen and should do so freely and willingly. The prohibition against
behaving with impropriety or the appearance of impropriety applies to
both the professional and personal conduct of a judge. Because it is
not practicable to list all prohibited acts, the proscription is
necessarily cast in general terms that extend to conduct by judges
that is harmful although not specifically mentioned in the Code.
Actual improprieties under this standard include violations of law,
court rules or other specific provisions of this Code. The test for
appearance of impropriety is whether the conduct would create in
reasonable minds, with knowledge of all the relevant circumstances
that a reasonable inquiry would disclose, a perception that the
judge's ability to carry out judicial responsibilities with integrity,
impartiality, and competence is impaired.

Canon 2B. The testimony of a judge as a character witness injects the
prestige of the judicial office into the proceeding in which the judge
testifies and may be misunderstood to be an official testimonial. This
Canon, however, does not afford the judge a privilege against
testifying in response to an official summons. Except in unusual
circumstances where the demands of justice require, a judge should
discourage a party from requiring the judge to testify as a character
witness.

A judge should avoid lending the prestige of judicial office for the
advancement of the private interests of the judge or others. For
example, a judge should not use the judge's judicial position to gain
advantage in litigation involving a friend or a member of the judge's
family. In contracts for publication of a judge's writings, a judge
should retain control over the advertising to avoid exploitation of
the judge's office.

A judge should be sensitive to possible abuse of the prestige of
office. A judge should not initiate the communication of information
to a sentencing judge or a probation or corrections officer but may
provide to such persons information in response to a formal request.
Judges may participate in the process of judicial selection by
cooperating with appointing authorities and screening committees
seeking names for consideration, and by responding to official
inquiries concerning a person being considered for a judgeship.

Canon 2C. Membership of a judge in an organization that practices
invidious discrimination gives rise to perceptions that the judge's
impartiality is impaired. Canon 2C refers to the current practices of
the organization. Whether an organization practices invidious
discrimination is often a complex question to which judges should be
sensitive. The answer cannot be determined from a mere examination of
an organization's current membership rolls but rather depends on how
the organization selects members and other relevant factors, such as
that the organization is dedicated to the preservation of religious,
ethnic or cultural values of legitimate common interest to its
members, or that it is in fact and effect an intimate, purely private
organization whose membership limitations could not be
constitutionally prohibited. See New York State Club Ass'n. Inc. v.
City of New York, 487 U.S. 1, 108 S. Ct. 2225, 101 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1988);
Board of Directors of Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte,
481 U.S. 537, 107 S. Ct. 1940, 95 L. Ed. 2d 474 (1987); Roberts v.
United States Jaycees, 468 U.S. 609, 104 S. Ct. 3244, 82 L. Ed. 2d 462
(1984). Other relevant factors include the size and nature of the
organization and the diversity of persons in the locale who might
reasonably be considered potential members. Thus the mere absence of
diverse membership does not by itself demonstrate a violation unless
reasonable persons with knowledge of all the relevant circumstances
would expect that the membership would be diverse in the absence of
invidious discrimination. Absent such factors, an organization is
generally said to discriminate invidiously if it arbitrarily excludes
from membership on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national
origin persons who would otherwise be admitted to membership.

Although Canon 2C relates only to membership in organizations that
invidiously discriminate on the basis of race, sex, religion or
national origin, a judge's membership in an organization that engages
in any invidiously discriminatory membership practices prohibited by
applicable law violates Canons 2 and 2A and gives the appearance of
impropriety. In addition, it would be a violation of Canons 2 and 2A
for a judge to arrange a meeting at a club that the judge knows
practices invidious discrimination on the basis of race, sex,
religion, or national origin in its membership or other policies, or
for the judge to use such a club regularly. Moreover, public
manifestation by a judge of the judge's knowing approval of invidious
discrimination on any basis gives the appearance of impropriety under
Canon 2 and diminishes public confidence in the integrity and
impartiality of the judiciary, in violation of Canon 2A.

When a judge determines that an organization to which the judge
belongs engages in invidious discrimination that would preclude
membership under Canon 2C or under Canons 2 and 2A, the judge is
permitted, in lieu of resigning, to make immediate and continuous
efforts to have the organization discontinue its invidiously
discriminatory practices. If the organization fails to discontinue its
invidiously discriminatory practices as promptly as possible (and in
all events within two years of the judge's first learning of the
practices), the judge should resign immediately from the
organization.

CANON 3
A JUDGE SHOULD PERFORM THE DUTIES
OF THE OFFICE IMPARTIALLY AND DILIGENTLY



The judicial duties of a judge take precedence over all other
activities. In performing the duties prescribed by law, the judge
should adhere to the following standards:

A. Adjudicative Responsibilities.

(1) A judge should be faithful to and maintain professional competence
in the law, and should not be swayed by partisan interests, public
clamor, or fear of criticism.

(2) A judge should hear and decide matters assigned, unless
disqualified, and should maintain order and decorum in all judicial
proceedings.

(3) A judge should be patient, dignified, respectful, and courteous to
litigants, jurors, witnesses, lawyers, and others with whom the judge
deals in an official capacity, and should require similar conduct of
those subject to the judge's control, including lawyers to the extent
consistent with their role in the adversary process.

(4) A judge should accord to every person who is legally interested in
a proceeding, or the person's lawyer, full right to be heard according
to law, and, except as authorized by law, neither initiate nor
consider ex parte communications on the merits, or procedures
affecting the merits, of a pending or impending proceeding. A judge
may, however, obtain the advice of a disinterested expert on the law
applicable to a proceeding before the judge if the judge gives notice
to the parties of the person consulted and the substance of the
advice, and affords the parties reasonable opportunity to respond. A
judge may, with consent of the parties, confer separately with the
parties and their counsel in an effort to mediate or settle pending
matters.

(5) A judge should dispose promptly of the business of the court.

(6) A judge should avoid public comment on the merits of a pending or
impending action, requiring similar restraint by court personnel
subject to the judge's direction and control. This proscription does
not extend to public statements made in the course of the judge's
official duties, to the explanation of court procedures, or to a
scholarly presentation made for purposes of legal education.
B. Administrative Responsibilities.


(1) A judge should diligently discharge the judge's administrative
responsibilities, maintain professional competence in judicial
administration, and facilitate the performance of the administrative
responsibilities of other judges and court officials.

(2) A judge should require court officials, staff, and others subject
to the judge's direction and control, to observe the same standards of
fidelity and diligence applicable to the judge.

(3) A judge should initiate appropriate action when the judge becomes
aware of reliable evidence indicating the likelihood of unprofessional
conduct by a judge or lawyer.

(4) A judge should not make unnecessary appointments and should
exercise that power only on the basis of merit, avoiding nepotism and
favoritism. A judge should not approve compensation of appointees
beyond the fair value of services rendered.

(5) A judge with supervisory authority over other judges should take
reasonable measures to assure the timely and effective performance of
their duties.

C. Disqualification.

(1) A judge shall disqualify himself or herself in a proceeding in
which the judge's impartiality might reasonably be questioned,
including but not limited to instances in which:
(a) the judge has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party, or
personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the
proceeding;
(b) the judge served as lawyer in the matter in controversy, or a
lawyer with whom the judge previously practiced law served during such
association as a lawyer concerning the matter, or the judge or such
lawyer has been a material witness;

(c) the judge knows that the judge, individually or as a fiduciary, or
the judge's spouse or minor child residing in the judge's household,
has a financial interest in the subject matter in controversy or in a
party to the proceeding, or any other interest that could be affected
substantially by the outcome of the proceeding;

(d) the judge or the judge's spouse, or a person related to either
within the third degree of relationship, or the spouse of such a
person:
(i) is a party to the proceeding, or an officer, director, or trustee
of a party;

(ii) is acting as a lawyer in the proceeding;

(iii) is known by the judge to have an interest that could be
substantially affected by the outcome of the proceeding; or

(iv) is to the judge's knowledge likely to be a material witness in
the proceeding.
(e) the judge has served in governmental employment and in such
capacity participated as counsel, advisor, or material witness
concerning the proceeding or has expressed an opinion concerning the
merits of the particular case in controversy.
(2) A judge should keep informed about the judge's personal and
fiduciary financial interests, and make a reasonable effort to keep
informed about the personal financial interests of the judge's spouse
and minor children residing in the judge's household.

(3) For the purposes of this section:
(a) the degree of relationship is calculated according to the civil
law system; the following relatives are within the third degree of
relationship: parent, child, grandparent, grandchild, great
grandparent, great grandchild, sister, brother, aunt, uncle, niece and
nephew; the listed relatives include whole and half blood relatives
and most step relatives;

(b) "fiduciary" includes such relationships as executor,
administrator, trustee, and guardian;

(c) "financial interest" means ownership of a legal or equitable
interest, however small, or a relationship as director, advisor, or
other active participant in the affairs of a party, except that:
(i) ownership in a mutual or common investment fund that holds
securities is not a "financial interest" in such securities unless the
judge participates in the management of the fund;

(ii) an office in an educational, religious, charitable, fraternal, or
civic organization is not a "financial interest" in securities held by
the organization;

(iii) the proprietary interest of a policy holder in a mutual
insurance company, or a depositor in a mutual savings association, or
a similar proprietary interest, is a "financial interest" in the
organization only if the outcome of the proceeding could substantially
affect the value of the interest;

(iv) ownership of government securities is a "financial interest" in
the issuer only if the outcome of the proceeding could substantially
affect the value of the securities.

(d) "proceeding" includes pretrial, trial, appellate review, or other
stages of litigation.

(4) Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Canon, if a judge
to whom a matter has been assigned would be disqualified, after
substantial judicial time has been devoted to the matter, because of
the appearance or discovery, after the matter was assigned to him or
her, that he or she individually or as a fiduciary, or his or her
spouse or minor child residing in his or her household, has a
financial interest in a party (other than an interest that could be
substantially affected by the outcome), disqualification is not
required if the judge, spouse or minor child, as the case may be,
divests himself or herself of the interest that provides the grounds
for the disqualification.

D. Remittal of Disqualification.

A judge disqualified by the terms of Canon 3C(1), except in the
circumstances specifically set out in subsections (a) through (e),
may, instead of withdrawing from the proceeding, disclose on the
record the basis of disqualification. If the parties and their lawyers
after such disclosure and an opportunity to confer outside of the
presence of the judge, all agree in writing or on the record that the
judge should not be disqualified, and the judge is then willing to
participate, the judge may participate in the proceeding. The
agreement shall be incorporated in the record of the proceeding.

COMMENTARY


Canon 3A(3). The duty to hear all proceedings fairly and with patience
is not inconsistent with the duty to dispose promptly of the business
of the court. Courts can be efficient and businesslike while being
patient and deliberate.

The duty under Canon 2 to act in a manner that promotes public
confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary applies
to all the judge's activities, including the discharge of the judge's
adjudicative and administrative responsibilities. For example, the
duty to be respectful of others includes the responsibility to avoid
comment or behavior that can reasonably be interpreted as manifesting
prejudice or bias towards another on the basis of personal
characteristics like race, sex, religion, or national origin.

Canon 3A(4). The proscription against communications concerning a
proceeding includes communications from lawyers, law teachers, and
other persons who are not participants in the proceeding, except to
the limited extent permitted. It does not preclude a judge from
consulting with other judges, or with court personnel whose function
is to aid the judge in carrying out adjudicative responsibilities. A
judge should make reasonable efforts to ensure that this provision is
not violated through law clerks or other staff personnel.

An appropriate and often desirable procedure for a court to obtain the
advice of a disinterested expert on legal issues is to invite the
expert to file a brief amicus-curiae.

Canon 3A(5). In disposing of matters promptly, efficiently and fairly,
a judge must demonstrate due regard for the rights of the parties to
be heard and to have issues resolved without unnecessary cost or
delay. A judge should monitor and supervise cases so as to reduce or
eliminate dilatory practices, avoidable delays and unnecessary costs.
A judge should encourage and seek to facilitate settlement, but
parties should not feel coerced into surrendering the right to have
their controversy resolved by the courts.

Prompt disposition of the court's business requires a judge to devote
adequate time to judicial duties, to be punctual in attending court
and expeditious in determining matters under submission, and to insist
that court officials, litigants and their lawyers cooperate with the
judge to that end.

Canon 3A(6). The admonition against public comment about the merits of
a pending or impending action continues until completion of the
appellate process. If the public comment involves a case from the
judge's own court, particular care should be taken that the comment
does not denigrate public confidence in the integrity and impartiality
of the judiciary in violation of Canon 2A. This provision does not
restrict comments about proceedings in which the judge is a litigant
in a personal capacity, but in mandamus proceedings when the judge is
a litigant in an official capacity, the judge should not comment
beyond the record.

"Court personnel" does not include the lawyers in a proceeding before
a judge. The conduct of lawyers is governed by the rules of
professional conduct applicable in the various jurisdictions.

Canon 3B(3). Appropriate action may include direct communication with
the judge or lawyer who has committed the violation, other direct
action if available, and reporting the violation to the appropriate
authorities.

Canon 3B(4). Appointees of the judge include officials such as
referees, commissioners, special masters, receivers, guardians, and
personnel such as clerks, secretaries, and bailiffs. Consent by the
parties to an appointment or an award of compensation does not relieve
the judge of the obligation prescribed by this subsection.

Canon 3C(1)(d)(ii). The fact that a lawyer in a proceeding is
affiliated with a law firm with which a lawyer-relative of the judge
is affiliated does not of itself disqualify the judge. Under
appropriate circumstances, the fact that "the judge's impartiality
might reasonably be questioned" under Canon 3C(1), or that the lawyer-
relative is known by the judge to have an interest in the law firm
that could be "substantially affected by the outcome of the
proceeding" under Canon 3C(1)(d)(iii) may require the judge's
disqualification.

NOTE: In September 1985, the Judicial Conference approved a form
developed by the Advisory Committee on Codes of Conduct entitled
"Notice Concerning Waiver of Judicial Disqualification" and authorized
its distribution for consideration and possible adoption by the
courts. The form is reprinted below.


NOTICE CONCERNING WAIVER OF JUDICIAL
DISQUALIFICATION


FROM:  The Clerk  Date_______________

TO: XXXX (Counsel) XXXX (Counsel)
 XXXX

RE: ABC v. DEF, Case No. __________________


Canon 3D of the Code of Conduct provides (with exceptions not
pertinent to this case) that when a judge is disqualified in a
proceeding because "the judge's impartiality might reasonably be
questioned", the judge may participate in the proceeding if all the
parties and lawyers, after notice of the basis for the
disqualification, agree in writing to waive the disqualification under
a procedure independent of the judge's participation.

Unless a waiver is obtained from all parties and all counsel, Judge
________________ intends to disqualify in this proceeding because of
these circumstances:

If you and your client(s) wish to waive the judge's disqualification,
letters to that effect from you and from your client(s) must be sent
to me within ______ days of the date of this Notice. The letters
should not be sent to the judge and copies should not be sent to other
counsel. If all parties and all counsel submit such letters, this
Notice and all responses will be made part of the record, as required
by Canon 3D, and the judge will continue participation in the
proceeding. If a waiver is not received from all parties and all
counsel, this Notice and any responses will be kept under seal by the
clerk and not shown to the judge, nor will the judge be informed of
the identity of any party or lawyer who declined to waive the
disqualification. If the disqualification is not waived, the case will
be reassigned to another judge.
CANON 4

A JUDGE MAY ENGAGE
IN EXTRA-JUDICIAL ACTIVITIES TO IMPROVE THE LAW,
THE LEGAL SYSTEM, AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE


A judge, subject to the proper performance of judicial duties, may
engage in the following law-related activities, if in doing so the
judge does not cast reasonable doubt on the capacity to decide
impartially any issue that may come before the judge:

A. A judge may speak, write, lecture, teach, and participate in other
activities concerning the law, the legal system, and the
administration of justice.

B. A judge may appear at a public hearing before, or otherwise consult
with, an executive or legislative body or official on matters
concerning the law, the legal system, and the administration of
justice to the extent that it would generally be perceived that a
judge's judicial experience provides special expertise in the area. A
judge acting pro se may also appear before or consult with such
officials or bodies in a matter involving the judge or the judge's
interest.

C. A judge may serve as a member, officer, or director of an
organization or governmental agency devoted to the improvement of the
law, the legal system, or the administration of justice. A judge may
assist such an organization in planning fund-raising activities and
may participate in the management and investment of funds, but should
not personally participate in public fund-raising activities. A judge
may make recommendations to public and private fund-granting agencies
on projects and programs concerning the law, the legal system, and the
administration of justice. A judge may solicit funds from other judges
over whom the judge does not exercise supervisory or appellate
authority. A judge shall not personally participate in membership
solicitation if the solicitation might reasonably be perceived as
coercive or is essentially a fund-raising mechanism.

D. A judge should not use to any substantial degree judicial chambers,
resources, or staff to engage in activities permitted by this Canon.




COMMENTARY


Canon 4. As a judicial officer and person specially learned in the
law, a judge is in a unique position to contribute to the improvement
of the law, the legal system, and the administration of justice,
including revision of substantive and procedural law and improvement
of criminal and juvenile justice. To the extent that the judge's time
permits, the judge is encouraged to do so, either independently or
through a bar association, judicial conference, or other organization
dedicated to the improvement of the law. Within the boundaries of
applicable law, see, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 953, a judge may express
opposition to the persecution of lawyers and judges anywhere in the
world if the judge has ascertained, after reasonable inquiry, that the
persecution is occasioned by conflict between the professional
responsibilities of the persecuted judge or lawyer and the policies or
practices of the relevant government.

Canon 4C. Service on the board of a public, as well as private, law
school is permissible.

A judge may attend fund-raising activities of a law-related
organization although the judge may not be a speaker, guest of honor,
or featured on the program of such an event.
CANON 5

A JUDGE SHOULD REGULATE
EXTRA-JUDICIAL ACTIVITIES TO MINIMIZE
THE RISK OF CONFLICT WITH JUDICIAL DUTIES


A. Avocational Activities. A judge may write, lecture, teach, and
speak on non-legal subjects, and engage in the arts, sports, and other
social and recreational activities, if such avocational activities do
not detract from the dignity of the judge's office or interfere with
the performance of the judge's judicial duties.

B. Civic and Charitable Activities. A judge may participate in civic
and charitable activities that do not reflect adversely upon the
judge's impartiality or interfere with the performance of judicial
duties. A judge may serve as an officer, director, trustee, or non-
legal advisor of an educational, religious, charitable, fraternal, or
civic organization not conducted for the economic or political
advantage of its members, subject to the following limitations:
(1) A judge should not serve if it is likely that the organization
will be engaged in proceedings that would ordinarily come before the
judge or will be regularly engaged in adversary proceedings in any
court.

(2) A judge should not solicit funds for any educational, religious,
charitable, fraternal, or civic organization, or use or permit the use
of the prestige of the judicial office for that purpose, but the judge
may be listed as an officer, director, or trustee of such an
organization. A judge should not personally participate in membership
solicitation if the solicitation might reasonably be perceived as
coercive or is essentially a fund-raising mechanism.

(3) A judge should not give investment advice to such an organization,
but may serve on its board of directors or trustees even though it has
the responsibility for approving investment decisions.
C. Financial Activities.
(1) A judge should refrain from financial and business dealings that
tend to reflect adversely on the judge's impartiality, interfere with
the proper performance of judicial duties, exploit the judicial
position, or involve the judge in frequent transactions with lawyers
or other persons likely to come before the court on which the judge
serves.

(2) Subject to the requirements of subsection (1), a judge may hold
and manage investments, including real estate, and engage in other
remunerative activity, but should not serve as an officer, director,
active partner, manager, advisor, or employee of any business other
than a business closely held and controlled by members of the judge's
family. For this purpose, "members of the judge's family" means
persons related to the judge or the judge's spouse within the third
degree of relationship calculated according to the civil law system,
any other relatives with whom the judge or the judge's spouse
maintains a close familial relationship, and the spouse of any of the
foregoing.

(3) A judge should manage investments and other financial interests to
minimize the number of cases in which the judge is disqualified. As
soon as the judge can do so without serious financial detriment, the
judge should divest himself or herself of investments and other
financial interests that might require frequent disqualification.

(4) A judge should not solicit or accept anything of value from anyone
seeking official action from or doing business with the court or other
entity served by the judge, or from anyone whose interests may be
substantially affected by the performance or nonperformance of
official duties; except that a judge may accept a gift as permitted by
the Judicial Conference gift regulations. A judge should endeavor to
prevent a member of a judge's family residing in the household from
soliciting or accepting a gift except to the extent that a judge would
be permitted to do so by the Judicial Conference gift regulations.

(5) For the purposes of this section "members of the judge's family
residing in the judge's household" means any relative of a judge by
blood or marriage, or a person treated by a judge as a member of the
judge's family, who resides in the judge's household.

(6) A judge should report the value of any gift, bequest, favor, or
loan as required by statute or by the Judicial Conference of the
United States.

(7) A judge is not required by this Code to disclose his or her
income, debts, or investments, except as provided in this Canon and
Canons 3 and 6.

(8) Information acquired by a judge in the judge's judicial capacity
should not be used or disclosed by the judge in financial dealings or
for any other purpose not related to the judge's judicial duties.
D. Fiduciary Activities. A judge should not serve as the executor,
administrator, trustee, guardian, or other fiduciary, except for the
estate, trust, or person of a member of the judge's family, and then
only if such service will not interfere with the proper performance of
judicial duties. "Member of the judge's family" means any relative of
a judge by blood, adoption, or marriage or any other person treated by
a judge as a member of the judge's family.

As a family fiduciary a judge is subjected to the following
restrictions:
(1) The judge should not serve if it is likely that as a fiduciary the
judge will be engaged in proceedings that would ordinarily come before
the judge or if the estate, trust or ward becomes involved in
adversary proceedings in the court on which the judge serves or one
under its appellate jurisdiction.

(2) While acting as a fiduciary a judge is subject to the same
restrictions on financial activities that apply to the judge in his or
her personal capacity.
E. Arbitration. A judge should not act as an arbitrator or mediator or
otherwise perform judicial functions in a private capacity unless
expressly authorized by law.

F. Practice of Law. A judge should not practice law. Notwithstanding
this prohibition, a judge may act pro se and may, without
compensation, give legal advice to and draft or review documents for a
member of the judge's family.

G. Extra-judicial Appointments. A judge should not accept appointment
to a governmental committee, commission, or other position that is
concerned with issues of fact or policy on matters other than the
improvement of the law, the legal system, or the administration of
justice, unless appointment of a judge is required by Act of Congress.
A judge should not, in any event, accept such an appointment if the
judge's governmental duties would interfere with the performance of
judicial duties or tend to undermine the public confidence in the
integrity, impartiality, or independence of the judiciary. A judge may
represent the judge's country, state, or locality on ceremonial
occasions or in connection with historical, educational, and cultural
activities.

H. Chambers, Resources, and Staff. A judge should not use judicial
chambers, resources, or staff to engage in activities permitted by
this Canon, except for uses that are de minimis.
COMMENTARY


Canon 5A. Complete separation of a judge from extra-judicial
activities is neither possible nor wise; a judge should not become
isolated from the society in which the judge lives.

Canon 5B(1). The changing nature of some organizations and of their
relationship to the law makes it necessary for a judge regularly to
reexamine the activities of each organization with which the judge is
affiliated to determine if it is proper for the judge to continue the
judge's relationship with it. For example, in many jurisdictions
charitable hospitals are now more frequently in court than in the
past. Similarly, the boards of some legal aid organizations now make
policy decisions that may have political significance or imply
commitment to causes that may come before the courts for
adjudication.

Canon 5B(2) and (3). A judge may attend fund-raising activities of the
organization although the judge may not be a speaker, a guest of
honor, or featured on the program of such an event. Use of an
organization's letterhead for fund-raising or membership solicitation
does not violate Canons 5B(2) and (3) provided the letterhead lists
only the judge's name and position in the organization, and, if
comparable designations are listed for other persons, the judge's
judicial designation.

Canon 5C. Canon 3 requires a judge to disqualify in any proceeding in
which the judge has a financial interest, however small; Canon 5
requires a judge to refrain from engaging in business and from
financial activities that might interfere with the impartial
performance of the judge's judicial duties; Canon 6 requires a judge
to report all compensation received for activities outside the
judicial office. A judge has the rights of an ordinary citizen with
respect to financial affairs, except for limitations required to
safeguard the proper performance of the judge's duties. A judge's
participation in a closely held family business, while generally
permissible, may be prohibited if it takes too much time or involves
misuse of judicial prestige or if the business is likely to come
before the judge's court. Owning and receiving income from investments
do not as such affect the performance of a judge's duties.

Canon 5C(4). Reimbursement or direct payment of travel expenses may be
a gift and, if so, its acceptance is governed by Canons 5C(4) and (5).
A judge or employee may receive as a gift travel expense reimbursement
including the cost of transportation, lodging, and meals, for the
judge and a relative incident to the judge's attendance at a bar-
related function or at an activity devoted to the improvement of the
law, the legal system, or the administration of justice.

Canon 5D. Mere residence in the household of a judge is insufficient
for a person to be considered a member of the judge's family for
purposes of this Canon. The person must be treated by the judge as a
member of the judge's family.

Canon 5D(1). The Applicable Date of Compliance provision of this Code
qualifies this subsection with regard to a judge who is an executor,
administrator, trustee, or other fiduciary at the time this Code
becomes effective.

Canon 5D(2). A judge's obligation under this Code and the judge's
obligation as a fiduciary may come into conflict. For example, a judge
should resign as trustee if it would result in detriment to the trust
to divest it of holdings whose retention would place the judge in
violation of Canon 5C(3).

Canon 5F. This prohibition refers to the practice of law in a
representative capacity and not in a pro se capacity. A judge may act
for himself or herself in all legal matters, including matters
involving litigation and matters involving appearances before or other
dealings with legislative and other governmental bodies. However, in
so doing, a judge must not abuse the prestige of office to advance the
interests of the judge or the judge's family.

Canon 5G. Valuable services have been rendered in the past to the
states and the nation by judges appointed by the executive to
undertake important extra-judicial assignments. The appropriateness of
conferring these assignments on judges must be reassessed, however, in
light of the demands on judicial resources created by today's crowded
dockets and the need to protect the courts from involvement in extra-
judicial matters that may prove to be controversial. Judges should not
be expected or permitted to accept governmental appointments that
could interfere with the effectiveness and independence of the
judiciary.

The dangers attendant upon acceptance of extra-judicial governmental
assignments are ordinarily less serious where the appointment of a
judge is required by legislation. Such assignments ordinarily do not
involve excessive commitments of time, and they typically do not pose
a serious threat to the independence of the judiciary.

A code of conduct ought not compel judges to refuse, without regard to
the circumstances, tasks Congress has seen fit to authorize as
appropriate in the public interest. Although legislatively prescribed
extra-judicial assignments should be discouraged, where Congress
requires the appointment of a judge to perform extra-judicial duties,
the judge may accept the appointment provided that the judge's
services would not interfere with the performance of the judge's
judicial responsibilities or tend to undermine public confidence in
the judiciary.
CANON 6

A JUDGE SHOULD REGULARLY FILE
REPORTS OF COMPENSATION RECEIVED
FOR LAW-RELATED AND EXTRA-JUDICIAL ACTIVITIES


A judge may receive compensation and reimbursement of expenses for the
law-related and extra-judicial activities permitted by this Code, if
the source of such payments does not give the appearance of
influencing the judge in the judge's judicial duties or otherwise give
the appearance of impropriety, subject to the following restrictions:

A. Compensation. Compensation should not exceed a reasonable amount
nor should it exceed what a person who is not a judge would receive
for the same activity.

B. Expense Reimbursement. Expense reimbursement should be limited to
the actual costs of travel, food, and lodging reasonably incurred by
the judge and, where appropriate to the occasion, by the judge's
spouse or relative. Any payment in excess of such an amount is
compensation.

C. Public Reports. A judge should make required financial disclosures
in compliance with applicable statutes and Judicial Conference
regulations and directives.
COMMENTARY


Additional restrictions on the receipt of compensation by judges are
imposed by the Ethics Reform Act of 1989 and regulations promulgated
by the Judicial Conference thereunder. That Act and those regulations
should be consulted before a judge enters into any arrangement
involving the receipt of compensation. The restrictions so imposed
include, but are not limited to: (1) a prohibition against receiving
"honoraria" (defined as anything of value received for a speech,
appearance, or article), (2) a prohibition against receiving
compensation for service as a director, trustee, or officer of a
profit or nonprofit organization, (3) a requirement that compensated
teaching activities receive prior approval, and (4) a 15% limitation
on the receipt of "outside earned income."
CANON 7

A JUDGE SHOULD REFRAIN FROM
POLITICAL ACTIVITY


A. A judge should not:
(1) act as a leader or hold any office in a political organization;

(2) make speeches for a political organization or candidate or
publicly endorse or oppose a candidate for public office;

(3) solicit funds for or pay an assessment or make a contribution to a
political organization or candidate, attend political gatherings, or
purchase tickets for political party dinners, or other functions.
B. A judge should resign the judicial office when the judge becomes a
candidate either in a primary or in a general election for any
office.
C. A judge should not engage in any other political activity;
provided, however, this should not prevent a judge from engaging in
the activities described in Canon 4.
COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE OF CONDUCT


Anyone who is an officer of the federal judicial system authorized to
perform judicial functions is a judge for the purpose of this Code.
All judges should comply with this Code except as provided below.

A. Part-time Judge. A part-time judge is a judge who serves on a
continuing or periodic basis, but is permitted by law to devote time
to some other profession or occupation and whose compensation for that
reason is less than that of a full-time judge. A part-time judge:
(1) is not required to comply with Canons 5C(2), D, E, F, and G, and
Canon 6C;

(2) except as provided in the Conflict-of-Interest Rules for Part-time
Magistrate Judges, should not practice law in the court on which the
judge serves or in any court subject to the appellate jurisdiction of
the court on which the judge serves, or act as a lawyer in a
proceeding in which the judge has served as a judge or in any other
proceeding related thereto.
B. Judge Pro Tempore. A judge pro tempore A judge pro tempore is a
person who is appointed to act temporarily as a judge or as a special
master.
(1) While acting as such, a judge pro tempore is not required to
comply with Canons 5C(2), (3), D, E, F, and G, and Canon 6C; further,
one who acts solely as a special master is not required to comply with
Canons 4C, 5B (except the first sentence thereof), 5C(4), and 7.
(2) A person who has been a judge pro tempore should not act as a
lawyer in a proceeding in which the judge has served as a judge or in
any other proceeding related thereto.
C. Retired Judge. A retired judge who is retired under 28 U.S.C. §§
371(b) or 372(a), or who is recalled to judicial service, should
comply with all the provisions of this Code except Canon 5G, but the
judge should refrain from judicial service during the period of an
extra-judicial appointment not sanctioned by Canon 5G. All other
retired judges who are eligible for recall to judicial service (except
those in Territories and Possessions) should comply with the
provisions of this Code governing part-time judges. A senior judge in
the Territories and Possessions must comply with this Code as
prescribed by 28 U.S.C. § 373(c)(5) and (d).
APPLICABLE DATE OF COMPLIANCE


Persons to whom this Code becomes applicable should arrange their
affairs as soon as reasonably possible to comply with it and should do
so in any event within the period of one year following appointment.
If, however, the demands on the person's time and the possibility of
conflicts of interest are not substantial, such a person may continue
to act, without compensation, as an executor, administrator, trustee,
or other fiduciary for the estate or person of one who is not a member
of the person's family, if terminating such relationship would
unnecessarily jeopardize any substantial interest of the estate or
person and the judicial council of the circuit approves.

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

1. The Code of Conduct for United States Judges was initially adopted
by the Judicial Conference on April 5, 1973, and was known as the
"Code of Judicial Conduct for United States Judges." At its March 1987
session, the Judicial Conference deleted the word "Judicial" from the
name of the Code. Substantial revisions to the Code were adopted by
the Judicial Conference at its September 1992 session. Section C. of
the Compliance section, following the code, was revised at the March
1996 Judicial Conference. Canons 3C(3)(a) and 5C(4) were revised at
the September 1996 Judicial Conference. Canon 3C(1)(c) was revised at
the September 1999 Judicial Conference. The Compliance Section was
clarified at the September 2000 Judicial Conference.
2. Procedural questions may be addressed to: Office of the General
Counsel, Administrative Office of the United States Courts, Thurgood
Marshall Federal Judiciary Building, Washington, D.C., 20544,
(202-502-1100).

3. This Code governs the conduct of United States Circuit Judges,
District Judges, Court of International Trade Judges, Court of Federal
Claims Judges, Bankruptcy Judges, and Magistrate Judges. In addition,
certain provisions of this Code apply to special masters and
commissioners as indicated in the "Compliance" section.




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...........
IT COULD BE THAT SONIA IS SOPHIA THAT WAS DOUBLING SOME PEOPLE DURING
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